The Nuclear Company is the fastest growing startup in the nuclear and energy space creating a never before seen fleet-scale approach to building nuclear reactors. Through its design-once, build-many approach and coalition building across communities, regulators, and financial stakeholders, The Nuclear Company is committed to delivering safe and reliable electricity at the lowest cost, while catalyzing the nuclear industry toward rapid development in America and globally.

About the role

Under direct supervision, the DOT Waste Shipper supports waste management and shipping activities in accordance with site procedures and regulatory requirements. This role assists management in ensuring all waste handling, packaging, labeling, documentation, and shipment activities are performed safely, efficiently, and in full compliance with company procedures and applicable contractual, statutory, and regulatory requirements.

The DOT Waste Shipper performs assigned tasks to support the proper preparation and transportation of regulated waste materials. Responsibilities may include assisting with waste characterization, packaging, labeling, documentation, and coordination of shipments while maintaining strict adherence to safety, environmental, and transportation regulations.

Work assignments may include duties that support one or more functional areas of waste management operations, in addition to other responsibilities as assigned.

Responsibilities

• Ensure compliance with applicable U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) regulations and all local, state, and federal transportation requirements related to hazardous and radioactive material shipments.
• Interpret and apply DOT regulations, waste acceptance criteria, and Department of Energy (DOE) orders related to waste transportation and shipment activities.
• Provide guidance and oversight for the proper loading, handling, segregation, and securement of hazardous and radioactive waste shipments.
• Determine appropriate container and conveyance marking, labeling, and placarding requirements in accordance with regulatory standards.
• Calculate radionuclide inventories and other hazardous material quantities for shipment packages and transport conveyances.
• Determine proper shipping names and classifications for hazardous and radioactive material shipments.
• Prepare shipping documentation required for the transport of hazardous and radioactive materials and waste.
• Perform DOT compatibility reviews in support of Waste Management Representatives.
• Inspect containers and packages to verify condition, labeling, marking, and regulatory compliance prior to shipment.
• Assist Waste Management Representatives in selecting appropriate containers for waste packaging and transport.
• Provide guidance on the proper selection of transportation conveyance types based on shipment requirements.
• Escort shipments when required in accordance with Transportation Safety Document requirements.
• Prepare and maintain shipment manifests and support transportation documentation.

Experience / Required Qualifications 

• Minimum of one (1) year of experience in radioactive waste management, transportation, or related nuclear waste handling activities.
• Experience preparing or managing on-site waste shipping manifests and performing waste characterization.
• Familiarity with Low-Track or similar waste manifesting software.
• Experience working with disposal site waste profiles and documentation requirements.
• Basic knowledge of federal and state transportation, environmental, and hazardous waste regulations.
• Knowledge of nuclear facility operations and regulatory environments.
• Familiarity with nuclear facility safety requirements, including technical safety requirements, operational processes, and reporting protocols.
• Proficiency with basic computer applications, including Microsoft Office software.
• Strong attention to detail with the ability to maintain accurate documentation and regulatory compliance.
• Basic interpersonal and communication skills with the ability to work effectively within a team environment.

Education & Certifications

• Bachelor’s degree (BA/BS) in a related field and a minimum of one (1) year of relevant experience, or an equivalent combination of education and experience. Typical experience for this role ranges from one (1) to four (4) years.
• Current certification as a DOT Hazardous Materials Shipper (49 CFR).
• Completion of Shipper Qualification training.
• Training in DOT 49 CFR Part 172 hazardous materials regulations.
• IATA Class 7 Radioactive Materials shipping training.
• Advanced Mixed Waste Shipper Certification training.
• Ability to obtain and maintain Radiation Worker Training (Radiological Worker I or II).
• Completion of 40-hour HAZWOPER training with current 8-hour HAZWOPER refresher certification.

Compensation
The anticipated hourly rate for this role is approximately $50.00 per hour, with highly experienced candidates potentially eligible for up to $60.00 per hour based on experience and qualifications. This position is eligible for overtime pay in accordance with applicable federal and state wage and hour laws.

EEO Statement
The Nuclear Company is an equal opportunity employer committed to fostering an environment of inclusion in the workplace. We provide equal employment opportunities to all qualified applicants and employees without regard to race, color, religion, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, national origin, age, disability, veteran status, or any other protected characteristic. We prohibit discrimination in all aspects of employment, including hiring, promotion, demotion, transfer, compensation, and termination.

The Nuclear Company is the fastest growing startup in the nuclear and energy space creating a never before seen fleet-scale approach to building nuclear reactors. Through its design-once, build-many approach and coalition building across communities, regulators, and financial stakeholders, The Nuclear Company is committed to delivering safe and reliable electricity at the lowest cost, while catalyzing the nuclear industry toward rapid development in America and globally. TNC has now announced the launch of The Nuclear Company Services (TNC Services) to provide specialty maintenance, outage execution, and workforce augmentation services to the USA's existing fleet of reactors.

Please Note:

• This posting represents multiple current and upcoming opportunities across our field services team.
  • Rather than applying to multiple roles, candidates can apply here and be considered for positions that best match their background and availability.
  • Specific project assignments will vary based on timing, location, and business needs.
  • **You may be considered for multiple opportunities within our field services team based on your experience.

Overview:
We are building a network of inspection and quality professionals to support outage and project work across nuclear and industrial sites.

Typical backgrounds:

• NDE Technicians (UT, MT, PT, VT)
• NDT Technician 
• QC Inspectors
• Certified Level I / II / III inspectors

This role is a fit if you have:

• Experience performing or supporting inspections in industrial or power environments
• Relevant certifications (ASNT, etc.)
• Experience supporting outage or turnaround work
• Experience working in highly regulated, safety-critical environments with a strong commitment to established procedures and standards
•  Willingness to travel for project-based work

About This Opportunity
This is an evergreen posting to build our pipeline for upcoming projects. Qualified candidates will be contacted as opportunities that match their background and availability arise.
Compensation, travel, and per diem packages may vary depending on the specific project, location, and duration.

EEO Statement
The Nuclear Company is an equal opportunity employer committed to fostering an environment of inclusion in the workplace. We provide equal employment opportunities to all qualified applicants and employees without regard to race, color, religion, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, national origin, age, disability, veteran status, or any other protected characteristic. We prohibit discrimination in all aspects of employment, including hiring, promotion, demotion, transfer, compensation, and termination.

The Nuclear Company is the fastest growing startup in the nuclear and energy space creating a never before seen fleet-scale approach to building nuclear reactors. Through its design-once, build-many approach and coalition building across communities, regulators, and financial stakeholders, The Nuclear Company is committed to delivering safe and reliable electricity at the lowest cost, while catalyzing the nuclear industry toward rapid development in America and globally. TNC has now announced the launch of The Nuclear Company Services (TNC Services) to provide specialty maintenance, outage execution, and workforce augmentation services to the USA's existing fleet of reactors.

Please Note:

• This posting represents multiple current and upcoming opportunities across our field services team.
  • Rather than applying to multiple roles, candidates can apply here and be considered for positions that best match their background and availability.
  • Specific project assignments will vary based on timing, location, and business needs.
  • **You may be considered for multiple opportunities within our field services team based on your experience.

Overview:

We are building a pipeline of early-career and apprentice-level talent to support electrical, mechanical, and industrial maintenance work across power generation and industrial environments. This pipeline focuses on individuals with foundational technical training or hands-on experience who are looking to grow into skilled trades roles through project-based and field assignments.

Typical Backgrounds:

• Electrical Apprentices / Helpers
• Mechanical Apprentices / Helpers
• Trade school or technical program graduates (electrical, mechanical, mechatronics, industrial maintenance)
• Entry-level maintenance technicians with hands-on experience
• Individuals with military or industrial experience transitioning into skilled trades

This role is a fit if you have:

• Foundational knowledge of electrical or mechanical systems (through school, training, or hands-on experience)
• Basic understanding of tools, equipment, and safety practices in industrial or construction environments
• Exposure to electrical systems, controls, instrumentation, OR mechanical systems such as pumps, valves, rotating equipment, or general maintenance
• Willingness to learn and grow within a skilled trade or technical career path
• Strong work ethic, reliability, and ability to work in team-based environments
• Ability to work in physically demanding environments and varying site conditions
• Willingness to travel for project-based assignments
• Completion of or enrollment in a technical training program, apprenticeship, or relevant certification preferred

About This Opportunity
This is an evergreen posting to build our pipeline for upcoming projects. Qualified candidates will be contacted as opportunities that match their background and availability arise.
Compensation, travel, and per diem packages may vary depending on the specific project, location, and duration.

EEO Statement
The Nuclear Company is an equal opportunity employer committed to fostering an environment of inclusion in the workplace. We provide equal employment opportunities to all qualified applicants and employees without regard to race, color, religion, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, national origin, age, disability, veteran status, or any other protected characteristic. We prohibit discrimination in all aspects of employment, including hiring, promotion, demotion, transfer, compensation, and termination.

The Nuclear Company is the fastest growing startup in the nuclear and energy space creating a never before seen fleet-scale approach to building nuclear reactors. Through its design-once, build-many approach and coalition building across communities, regulators, and financial stakeholders, The Nuclear Company is committed to delivering safe and reliable electricity at the lowest cost, while catalyzing the nuclear industry toward rapid development in America and globally. TNC has now announced the launch of The Nuclear Company Services (TNC Services) to provide specialty maintenance, outage execution, and workforce augmentation services to the USA's existing fleet of reactors.

Please Note:

• This posting represents multiple current and upcoming opportunities across our field services team.
  • Rather than applying to multiple roles, candidates can apply here and be considered for positions that best match their background and availability.
  • Specific project assignments will vary based on timing, location, and business needs.
  • **You may be considered for multiple opportunities within our field services team based on your experience.

Overview:

We are building a pipeline of skilled field and construction support professionals to support outage, maintenance, and project-based work across power generation and industrial sites. These roles are critical for enabling safe access, structural support, and system efficiency in complex operating environments.

Typical Backgrounds:

• Scaffolding Technicians / Scaffold Builders
• Industrial Insulators (Mechanical Insulation / Lagging)
• Riggers / Signal Persons
• General Construction / Field Support Technicians
• Access / Civil Support trades in industrial environments

This role is a fit if you have:

• Experience supporting industrial, power generation, or construction site work
• Experience with scaffolding erection, insulation installation, rigging, or general field support work
• Ability to read basic drawings, plans, or work packages (as applicable to trade)
• Experience working in outage, turnaround, or project-based environments
• Strong understanding of job site safety practices (PPE, fall protection, LOTO awareness, etc.)
• Experience in regulated or safety-critical environments (power, nuclear, refinery, or heavy industrial) strongly preferred
• Ability to work in physically demanding environments and varying site conditions
• Willingness to travel for project-based assignments

About This Opportunity
This is an evergreen posting to build our pipeline for upcoming projects. Qualified candidates will be contacted as opportunities that match their background and availability arise.
Compensation, travel, and per diem packages may vary depending on the specific project, location, and duration.

EEO Statement
The Nuclear Company is an equal opportunity employer committed to fostering an environment of inclusion in the workplace. We provide equal employment opportunities to all qualified applicants and employees without regard to race, color, religion, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, national origin, age, disability, veteran status, or any other protected characteristic. We prohibit discrimination in all aspects of employment, including hiring, promotion, demotion, transfer, compensation, and termination.

The Nuclear Company is the fastest growing startup in the nuclear and energy space creating a never before seen fleet-scale approach to building nuclear reactors. Through its design-once, build-many approach and coalition building across communities, regulators, and financial stakeholders, The Nuclear Company is committed to delivering safe and reliable electricity at the lowest cost, while catalyzing the nuclear industry toward rapid development in America and globally. TNC has now announced the launch of The Nuclear Company Services (TNC Services) to provide specialty maintenance, outage execution, and workforce augmentation services to the USA's existing fleet of reactors.

Please Note:

• This posting represents multiple current and upcoming opportunities across our field services team. This is not a local position to Columbia, SC 
  • Rather than applying to multiple roles, candidates can apply here and be considered for positions that best match their background and availability.
  • Specific project assignments will vary based on timing, location, and business needs.
  • **You may be considered for multiple opportunities within our field services team based on your experience.

Overview:
We are seeking motivated individuals interested in gaining hands-on experience in industrial, construction, and outage environments. This is a great opportunity to build a long-term career in the skilled trades while supporting critical infrastructure projects.

Typical backgrounds:

• Entry-level outage or industrial workers
• Manufacturing, warehouse, or general labor experience
• Trade school or technical program students/graduates
• Machine operators 

This role is a fit if you have:

• Strong work ethic and willingness to learn in a fast-paced environment
• Interest in traveling or project-based work
• Ability to work in physically demanding environments (lifting, climbing, standing for extended periods)
• Willingness to follow strict safety procedures and work in highly regulated environments
• Basic mechanical aptitude or interest in hands-on work (tools, equipment, troubleshooting)
• Reliable transportation and ability to report to assigned job sites

About This Opportunity
This is an evergreen posting to build our pipeline for upcoming projects. Qualified candidates will be contacted as opportunities that match their background and availability arise.
Compensation, travel, and per diem packages may vary depending on the specific project, location, and duration.

EEO Statement
The Nuclear Company is an equal opportunity employer committed to fostering an environment of inclusion in the workplace. We provide equal employment opportunities to all qualified applicants and employees without regard to race, color, religion, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, national origin, age, disability, veteran status, or any other protected characteristic. We prohibit discrimination in all aspects of employment, including hiring, promotion, demotion, transfer, compensation, and termination.

The Nuclear Company is the fastest growing startup in the nuclear and energy space creating a never before seen fleet-scale approach to building nuclear reactors. Through its design-once, build-many approach and coalition building across communities, regulators, and financial stakeholders, The Nuclear Company is committed to delivering safe and reliable electricity at the lowest cost, while catalyzing the nuclear industry toward rapid development in America and globally.

About the role

The Head of TNC Fieldworks is responsible for establishing and leading the company’s Nuclear Services organization supporting the U.S. operating nuclear fleet. This role provides strategic and operational leadership for the delivery of skilled craft labor and specialized services to nuclear generating stations to support outages, maintenance activities, and plant modification projects.

The role will develop a scalable services model that ensures nuclear plants have access to qualified, safety-focused union craft labor and technical resources to execute work safely, efficiently, and in compliance with nuclear regulatory and quality standards.

Reporting to the Chief Nuclear Officer, this leader will build and manage relationships with nuclear utilities, labor organizations, and industry partners while developing the internal capabilities necessary to support the long-term workforce needs of the operating nuclear fleet.

Responsibilities

Nuclear Services Strategy and Leadership

• Establish and lead the TNC Energy Fieldworks organization responsible for providing workforce and technical resource support to operating nuclear power plants.
• Develop the strategic vision, organizational structure, and operating model for delivery.
• Build and lead a high-performing team responsible for workforce planning, outage support, and field service delivery.

Support to Operating Nuclear Plants

• Provide qualified craft labor and technical resources to support outages, maintenance and corrective work, capital modifications and plant upgrades, as well as specialized nuclear services
• Ensure services are delivered in accordance with nuclear safety culture principles and industry best practices.

Labor Relations and Workforce Development

• Develop and maintain strong working relationships with national and local building trades unions and labor organizations supporting nuclear plant work.
• Promote collaborative labor-management relationships that support safe and efficient work execution.

Operational Performance and Nuclear Safety

• Establish performance metrics for workforce safety, productivity, quality, and outage performance.
• Implement continuous improvement initiatives to enhance craft performance and work execution.

Industry and Client Engagement

• Represent the company with industry organizations, labor partners, and nuclear stakeholders.
• Monitor industry trends related to nuclear workforce availability, outage execution, and plant service needs

Experience

• Minimum 15 years of experience in the nuclear power industry, including experience supporting operating nuclear plants.
• Bachelor’s degree in engineering, construction management, business, or related discipline preferred.
• Demonstrated experience in outage execution, maintenance programs, plant services, or major plant modifications.
• Experience working with union craft labor organizations in the nuclear or heavy industrial sector.
• Proven leadership experience managing field service organizations or multi-site operational teams.
• Strong understanding of nuclear plant operations, outage management, and work management processes.
• Familiarity with nuclear regulatory and quality requirements governing plant work execution.
• Experience developing collaborative relationships with nuclear utilities and labor organizations.
• Strong leadership, organizational, and communication skills.

Benefits

• Competitive compensation packages
• 401k with company match
• Medical, dental, vision plans
• Generous vacation policy, plus holidays

Estimated Starting Salary Range
The estimated starting salary range for this role is $250,000 - $278,000 annually less applicable withholdings and deductions, paid on a bi-weekly basis. The actual salary offered may vary based on relevant factors as determined in the Company’s discretion, which may include experience, qualifications, tenure, skill set, availability of qualified candidates, geographic location, certifications held, and other criteria deemed pertinent to the particular role. 

EEO Statement
The Nuclear Company is an equal opportunity employer committed to fostering an environment of inclusion in the workplace. We provide equal employment opportunities to all qualified applicants and employees without regard to race, color, religion, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, national origin, age, disability, veteran status, or any other protected characteristic. We prohibit discrimination in all aspects of employment, including hiring, promotion, demotion, transfer, compensation, and termination.

The Nuclear Company is the fastest growing startup in the nuclear and energy space creating a never before seen fleet-scale approach to building nuclear reactors. Through its design-once, build-many approach and coalition building across communities, regulators, and financial stakeholders, The Nuclear Company is committed to delivering safe and reliable electricity at the lowest cost, while catalyzing the nuclear industry toward rapid development in America and globally. TNC has now announced the launch of The Nuclear Company Services (TNC Services) to provide specialty maintenance, outage execution, and workforce augmentation services to the USA's existing fleet of reactors.

Please Note:

• This posting represents multiple current and upcoming opportunities across our field services team.
  • Rather than applying to multiple roles, candidates can apply here and be considered for positions that best match their background and availability.
  • Specific project assignments will vary based on timing, location, and business needs.
  • **You may be considered for multiple opportunities within our field services team based on your experience.

Overview:
We are building a pipeline of skilled machining and precision fabrication professionals to support outage and project-based work across power generation and industrial facilities. These roles are critical in supporting equipment repair, component fabrication, and precision machining in highly regulated environments.

Typical backgrounds we’re looking for:
• Machinists (Manual & CNC)
• CNC operators / programmers
• Manual lathe and mill operators
• Precision fabrication technicians
• Tool & die makers
• Field Machinists

This role is a fit if you have:
• Experience in nuclear power plants or nuclear outage environments (strongly preferred)
• Experience in fossil power generation, manufacturing, or heavy industrial environments (also considered)
• Hands-on experience with manual and/or CNC machining (lathes, mills, boring equipment, etc.)
• Ability to read and interpret blueprints, schematics, and technical drawings
• Experience fabricating, modifying, or repairing mechanical components to tight tolerances
• Familiarity with precision measurement tools (micrometers, calipers, gauges, etc.)
• Experience working in highly regulated, safety-critical environments with a strong commitment to procedures and quality standards
• Willingness to travel for project-based work

About This Opportunity
This is an evergreen posting to build our pipeline for upcoming projects. Qualified candidates will be contacted as opportunities that match their background and availability arise.
Compensation, travel, and per diem packages may vary depending on the specific project, location, and duration.

EEO Statement
The Nuclear Company is an equal opportunity employer committed to fostering an environment of inclusion in the workplace. We provide equal employment opportunities to all qualified applicants and employees without regard to race, color, religion, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, national origin, age, disability, veteran status, or any other protected characteristic. We prohibit discrimination in all aspects of employment, including hiring, promotion, demotion, transfer, compensation, and termination.

The Nuclear Company is the fastest growing startup in the nuclear and energy space creating a never before seen fleet-scale approach to building nuclear reactors. Through its design-once, build-many approach and coalition building across communities, regulators, and financial stakeholders, The Nuclear Company is committed to delivering safe and reliable electricity at the lowest cost, while catalyzing the nuclear industry toward rapid development in America and globally.

About the role

The Civil Equipment Operator is responsible for operating heavy equipment to support the civil and site development activities of utility-scale solar construction projects. This role plays a critical part in preparing project sites, including grading, trenching, material movement, and road construction to ensure solar infrastructure is installed safely and efficiently.

Civil Equipment Operators work closely with civil crews, survey teams, and construction leadership to execute work in accordance with project plans, safety standards, and construction schedules.

*Note: This is a project-based construction role that requires travel between project sites as projects are completed and new sites are mobilized. Candidates must be comfortable working on multiple job locations throughout the project lifecycle.

Responsibilities

• Operate heavy equipment including excavators, bulldozers, graders, loaders, rollers, and other earthmoving equipment to support solar site construction activities.
• Perform site preparation tasks such as grading, trenching, backfilling, and material placement for solar arrays, inverter pads, access roads, and drainage systems.
• Assist with trenching operations for underground electrical conduit and grounding systems.
• Support the installation of foundations, equipment pads, and civil infrastructure associated with solar facilities.
• Read and interpret construction drawings, site plans, and grade stakes to perform work accurately.
• Conduct daily equipment inspections and ensure machinery is operated safely and maintained properly.
• Follow all company safety policies, OSHA regulations, and project-specific safety requirements.
• Work with survey crews and site supervisors to ensure proper grading and alignment of site infrastructure.
• Maintain a clean and organized work area and ensure equipment is stored and secured appropriately.
• Assist with additional site construction activities as needed to support project progress.
•  

Experience / Required Qualifications

• 3+ years of experience operating heavy equipment in civil construction, infrastructure, or utility-scale solar projects.
• Experience operating equipment such as excavators, dozers, graders, loaders, and compactors.
• Ability to read construction drawings, site plans, and grade stakes.
• Strong understanding of safe equipment operation and construction site safety practices.
• Ability to work outdoors in varying weather conditions.
• Ability to lift up to 50 lbs and perform physically demanding construction work.
• Valid driver’s license.

Nice to Have Experience:

• Experience working on utility-scale solar or renewable energy construction projects.
• OSHA 10 or OSHA 30 certification.
• Experience with GPS-guided equipment or machine control systems.
• Experience working on large-scale civil infrastructure or energy projects.

EEO Statement
The Nuclear Company is an equal opportunity employer committed to fostering an environment of inclusion in the workplace. We provide equal employment opportunities to all qualified applicants and employees without regard to race, color, religion, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, national origin, age, disability, veteran status, or any other protected characteristic. We prohibit discrimination in all aspects of employment, including hiring, promotion, demotion, transfer, compensation, and termination.

The Nuclear Company is the fastest growing startup in the nuclear and energy space creating a never before seen fleet-scale approach to building nuclear reactors. Through its design-once, build-many approach and coalition building across communities, regulators, and financial stakeholders, The Nuclear Company is committed to delivering safe and reliable electricity at the lowest cost, while catalyzing the nuclear industry toward rapid development in America and globally.

About the role

The Manual Machinist is responsible for the safe setup and operation of manual machining equipment to manufacture, repair, and inspect precision components supporting power generation equipment. This role requires strong hands-on machining experience, the ability to work from technical drawings, and the capability to hold close tolerances while maintaining a strong safety and quality mindset.

This is a full-time, onsite position located at Duke Energy’s Lark Maintenance facility in Mt. Holly, NC, supporting plant operations through TNC Energy Services. The ideal candidate will live/commute to the location daily as relocation is not offered for this position, at this time.

Responsibilities

• Set up and independently operate manual lathes, milling machines, horizontal and vertical boring mills, grinders, drills, and large metal-cutting saws 
• Machine components to close tolerances (±0.001”) 
• Inspect parts using precision measuring and testing equipment (M&TE) 
• Utilize OD/ID micrometers, Vernier calipers, dial indicators, and hardness testers 
• Read and interpret blueprints, drawings, and work instructions 
• Perform preventative maintenance on shop equipment 
• Maintain shop housekeeping and organization 
• Safely operate forklifts, man lifts, water jets, sandblasters, and oxy/fuel cutting equipment 
• Inspect and utilize overhead cranes up to 60-ton capacity 
• Support safe rigging and lifting of large components 

Experience / Required Qualifications 

• Proven manual machining experience
• Ability to hold tolerances of ±0.001”
• Proficiency with precision measurement tools 
• Rigging and crane qualification (or ability to obtain)
• Microsoft Office proficiency 
• Strong safety mindset and positive attitude
• Powersafe Training (or ability to complete)

EEO Statement
The Nuclear Company is an equal opportunity employer committed to fostering an environment of inclusion in the workplace. We provide equal employment opportunities to all qualified applicants and employees without regard to race, color, religion, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, national origin, age, disability, veteran status, or any other protected characteristic. We prohibit discrimination in all aspects of employment, including hiring, promotion, demotion, transfer, compensation, and termination.