Senior Project Manager (Single-family, Residential, Master Planned) -- Land/Site Development CIVIL ENGINEERING

BGE, Inc., is seeking a Senior Project Manager (open to Project Manager level ready for career progression) Land/Site Development Team in our Austin, TX Offices either North Austin (Louis Henna Blvd I-35 x 45) or South Austin (Directors Blvd x 1-35).

Job Description

• Direct responsibility for projects and leading a team in the development of plans and specifications for single-family, residential, master planned and other types of projects that include paving, grading, drainage, water lines, sanitary sewers and other miscellaneous items.
• Serve as point of contact for clients.
• Serve as point of contact for clients and have strong client development/business development skills
• Responsible for project management reporting and client invoicing.
• May supervise work of one or more Engineers or CAD Technicians.
• Other duties as assigned.

Job Requirements

• Bachelor's degree in civil engineering or related field.
• Registered P.E. in Texas (or ability to transfer license to TX).
• 8-10+ years of experience in civil engineering ideally residential master-planned community development that includes paving, grading, drainage, sanitary sewer, storm sewer, etc.
• Ideally 10+ years of experience as a Project Manager with that has strong client development/business development ability and has built up a client following
• Open to Assistant Project Manager level who has been taking on daily task lead duties.
• Solid working knowledge of Civil 3D, AutoCAD, HEC-HMS, StormCAD, or other modeling software.
• Excellent written and verbal communication skills.
• Experience working with cities/municipalities or counties is preferred.
• Experience working on projects for cities, counties, and municipalities is preferred.

BGE, Inc., is open to Civil Engineering Project Manager/Sr Project Manager level candidates for the Site Development department in either our North Austin (Louis Henna Blvd) or South Austin, TX office (Directors Blvd).

Job Description

• Responsible for managing projects in the development of plans and specifications for multi-family, commercial/retail, industrial and other types of projects that include paving, grading, drainage, water lines, sanitary sewers and other miscellaneous items.
• Interface with clients as needed.
• Manage the work of Engineers and CAD Designers ensuring the accuracy and quality of the work produced.
• Responsible for project management reporting.

Job Requirements

• Bachelor's degree in civil engineering or related field.
• Registered P.E. in Texas (or ability to transfer license to TX).
• 10+ years of experience in civil engineering ideally for commercial, industrial, or multi-family site development that includes paving, grading, drainage, sanitary sewer, storm sewer, etc. 
• Ideally 1-2 years of experience as a Project Manager with the ability to provide technical guidance to Engineers and CAD Designers.
• Open to Assistant Project Manager level who has been taking on daily task lead duties.
• Solid working knowledge of Civil 3D, AutoCAD, HEC-HMS, StormCAD, or other modeling software.
• Excellent written and verbal communication skills.
• Experience working with cities/municipalities or counties is preferred.
• Any MUD District experience is a plus.  

Director Land Development (Multi-family, Residential, Master Planned, Mixed Use)

BGE, Inc., is seeking a Director of Land Development in our San Antonio, TX Civil Engineering Office (San Pedro Ave near Airport and Hwy 410).

Job Description

• Direct responsibility for projects and leading a team in the development of plans and specifications for multi-family, residential, master planned, mixed-use, and commercial, and other types of projects that include paving, grading, drainage, water lines, sanitary sewers and other miscellaneous items.
• Serve as point of contact for clients.
• Responsible for project management reporting and client invoicing.
• May supervise work of one or more Engineers or CAD Technicians.
• Other duties as assigned.

Job Requirements

• Bachelor's degree in civil engineering or related field.
• Registered P.E. in Texas (or ability to transfer license to TX).
• 10-15+ years of experience in civil engineering ideally residential master-planned community development that includes paving, grading, drainage, sanitary sewer, storm sewer, etc.
• Ideally 10+ years of experience as a Project Manager with the ability to provide technical guidance to Engineers and CAD Designers.
• Open to Assistant Project Manager level who has been taking on daily task lead duties.
• Solid working knowledge of Civil 3D, AutoCAD, HEC-HMS, StormCAD, or other modeling software.
• Excellent written and verbal communication skills.
• Experience working with cities/municipalities or counties is preferred.
• Experience working on projects for cities, counties, and municipalities is preferred.

We are seeking an experienced land and/or site engineer with project management expertise and strong technical proficiency. Stormwater is a strong plus.

This role offers significant growth potential, supported by an established business portfolio, with additional opportunities to contribute to client development.

Job Description

• Responsible for managing projects in the development of plans and specifications for single-family home/subdivision development that include paving, grading, drainage, water lines, sanitary sewers and other miscellaneous items.
• Interface with clients as needed.
• Manage the work of Engineers and CAD Designers ensuring the accuracy and quality of the work produced.
• Responsible for project management reporting.

Job Requirements

• Bachelor's degree in civil engineering or related field.
• Registered P.E. in Florida
• 6 years of experience in civil engineering for single family home development/subdivisions that includes paving, grading, drainage, sanitary sewer, storm sewer, etc. 
• 2 years of experience as a Project Manager with the ability to provide technical guidance to Engineers and CAD Designers.
• Solid working knowledge of Civil 3D, AutoCAD, HEC-HMS, StormCAD, or other modeling software.
• Excellent written and verbal communication skills.
• In office work at our Tampa office.

As a Sr PM you can count on BGE for:

• A deep bench of technical support (CAD, project engineers, EITs, and back-office resources) so you can stay focused on client relationships and delivery.
• A competitive salary and bonus structure that recognizes the expertise and relationships you bring.
• A leadership platform built for growth, retain ownership of your client portfolio while gaining the support system to expand it.

Job Description

• Responsible for managing projects in the development of plans and specifications for single-family home/subdivision development and/or multifamily, commercial, and industrial development that include paving, grading, drainage, water lines, sanitary sewers and other miscellaneous items.
• Manage your own portfolio while utilizing a strong delivery/support system to aid you.
• Engage in business development activities while mentoring teams to assist you.
• Interface with clients to ensure their satisfaction with the work product.
• Manage the work of Engineers and CAD Designers ensuring the accuracy and quality of the work produced.
• Responsible for project management reporting.

Job Requirements

• Bachelor's degree in civil engineering or related field.
• Registered P.E. in Georgia.
• Possess a network/connections you can establish as BGE clients.
• 6+ years of experience in civil engineering for single family home development/subdivisions and/or multifamily, commercial, industrial development that includes paving, grading, drainage, sanitary sewer, storm sewer, etc. 
• 2 to 3+ years of experience as a Project Manager with the ability to provide technical guidance to Engineers and CAD Designers.
• Solid working knowledge of Civil 3D, AutoCAD, HEC-HMS, StormCAD, or other modeling software.
• Excellent written and verbal communication skills.
• Willingness and ability to work in the Atlanta office.

Responsibilities

• Lead full lifecycle pipeline projects from planning and engineering through construction and closeout
• Manage scope, schedule, budget, risk, and performance KPIs for complex pipeline projects
• Serve as primary point of contact for clients, regulators, contractors, and internal stakeholders
• Coordinate multidisciplinary teams (engineering, surveying, environmental, construction, and procurement)
• Provide mentorship and guidance to less-experienced staff
• Oversee route selection, permitting, ROW acquisition support, and regulatory compliance
• Ensure compliance with applicable codes, standards, and safety requirements (e.g., ASME, API, PHMSA)
• Direct contractor and consultant performance, including bid evaluation and contract administration
• Monitor project costs, approve invoices, manage change orders, and maintain financial controls
• Identify and mitigate technical, schedule, environmental, and construction risks
• Ensure adherence to HSE policies and promote a strong safety culture across projects
• Provide regular project updates, forecasts, and executive-level reporting
• Review and approve engineering deliverables and construction plans
• Support commissioning, testing, and final project turnover
• Drive continuous improvement, value engineering, and lessons learned initiatives

Requirements

• Bachelor’s degree in Engineering, Construction Management, or a related technical discipline
• 8–15+ years of experience managing pipeline projects (oil, gas, or midstream infrastructure)
• Demonstrated experience leading large, multi-million-dollar pipeline projects
• Strong knowledge of pipeline design, construction methods, and materials
• Familiarity with federal, state, and local pipeline regulations and permitting processes
• Proven ability to manage project budgets, schedules, and contract negotiations
• Experience coordinating EPCs, contractors, inspectors, and regulatory agencies
• Strong leadership, communication, and stakeholder management skills
• Ability to identify project risks and implement mitigation strategies
• Working knowledge of project management tools and software (e.g., scheduling, cost control)
• Experience managing cross-functional and geographically distributed teams
• Demonstrated commitment to safety, quality, and environmental compliance
• Ability to operate effectively in fast-paced, high-risk project environments
• Professional Engineer (PE) or PMP certification preferred but not required

As a Sr PM you can count on BGE for:

• A deep bench of technical support (CAD, project engineers, EITs, and back-office resources) so you can stay focused on client relationships and delivery.
• A competitive salary and bonus structure that recognizes the expertise and relationships you bring.
• A leadership platform built for growth, retain ownership of your client portfolio while gaining the support system to expand it.

Job Description

• Responsible for managing projects in the development of plans and specifications for single-family home/subdivision development and/or multifamily, commercial, and industrial development that include paving, grading, drainage, water lines, sanitary sewers and other miscellaneous items.
• Manage your own portfolio while utilizing a strong delivery/support system to aid you.
• Engage in business development activities while mentoring teams to assist you.
• Interface with clients to ensure their satisfaction with the work product.
• Manage the work of Engineers and CAD Designers ensuring the accuracy and quality of the work produced.
• Responsible for project management reporting.

Job Requirements

• Bachelor's degree in civil engineering or related field.
• Registered P.E. in Georgia.
• Possess a network/connections you can establish as BGE clients.
• 6+ years of experience in civil engineering for single family home development/subdivisions and/or multifamily, commercial, industrial development that includes paving, grading, drainage, sanitary sewer, storm sewer, etc. 
• 2 to 3+ years of experience as a Project Manager with the ability to provide technical guidance to Engineers and CAD Designers.
• Solid working knowledge of Civil 3D, AutoCAD, HEC-HMS, StormCAD, or other modeling software.
• Excellent written and verbal communication skills.
• Willingness and ability to work in the Atlanta office.

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Job Responsibilities

• Performs non-routine and complex assignments from verbal instructions and under minimal supervision
• Utilizes advanced CAD skills to visualize and portray complex designs with emphasis on land/site development. (Multifamily, residential, commercial properties)
• Provide project design for various types of land development and other projects with minimum direction from the Project Manager and Project Engineer
• Create Plan and Profile Drawings
• Prepare full sets of final construction plans
• Prepare cost and quantity estimates
• Works closely with design engineers and Project Managers to complete project plans and details
• Reviews work performed by CAD Technicians I and II before submitting to Project Engineer

Job Requirements

• 5+ years of computer drafting experience utilizing Autodesk Civil 3D (mandatory) with strong working knowledge of CAD manual drafting techniques and standards
• Grading and drainage plan preparation experience required
• Technical degree or certification in CAD is preferred
• Strong knowledge of construction plan preparation for residential land development and/or commercial site development, including determining drawing sequence, details and presentation
• Understanding of site construction standard practices
• GIS experience is a plus
• Knowledge of utility plan design and utility plan preparation
• Strong attention to detail with exceptional thoroughness for plan design
• Ability to work in a fast-paced, team-oriented environment
• Ability to manage, mentor and train more junior level team members

Responsibilities

• Project manage groundbed, test station, AC mitigation, CIS, & coating surveys from getting capital funding through closing the project out per the Stakeholders procedures & policies.
• Thorough knowledge of the process of these projects.
• Ensure all projects are meeting Stakeholders scope of work, policies, and procedures as well as State & Federal regulations.
• Evaluate impressed current and galvanic cathodic protection systems for adequate protection or needing replacement through historical data.
• Resolve AC/DC interference, ensuring proper installation and effective operation of mitigation systems.
• Implement corrective actions for corrosion related issues.
• Prepare corrosion prevention system designs, testing station layouts, and supporting technical documentation.
• Review project work for accuracy, compliance with standards, and adherence to design specifications.
• Coordinate integrity related activities across departments to support safe, timely, and cost effective project completion.
• Lead cathodic protection system installations through construction, ensuring quality, regulatory compliance, and adherence to safety standards.
• Provide technical guidance, training, and mentorship to junior corrosion personnel.

Qualifications

• Experience with AC Mitigation installation & monitoring
• High School Diploma or equivalent, plus 5+ years of corrosion control experience
• AMPP CP1 Tester certifications required
• Understanding of corrosion mechanisms & cathodic protection systems
• Strong communication skills for interfacing with internal teams, field crews, clients, and regulatory stakeholders.
• Must be a strong team member that is able to work with all kinds of personalities.
• Proficiency with standard corrosion testing equipment and basic computer skills used for data entry, reporting, and documentation.
• Ability to work independently, manage multiple assignments, and maintain accuracy and consistency in field and office environments.

Preferred but not Required

• Experience with New Construction Pipeline
• Experience in Integrity work to include Direct Assessments or Integrity Digs
• Understands internal corrosion monitoring with coupons, ER probes, gas sampling, & transducers.
• Rectifier School-Preferred
• AMPP CP-2 Preferred
• AMPP CIP-1 Preferred
• AMPP Internal Corrosion Level-1 Preferred

Job Responsibilities

• Support private‑sector site projects, including commercial, multi‑family, and industrial developments
• Learn and apply tools like AutoCAD, Civil 3D, or Bentley MicroStation (experience is a plus, but not required)
• Help create digital terrain models using field survey data
• Assist with deed research, plotting, and map checks
• Support the team with quality control on project deliverables
• Work closely with Engineering Project Managers to help ensure projects stay on track and meet quality standards
• Learn to identify potential issues and communicate them to your supervisor or Project Manager

Job Requirements

• A positive attitude and a willingness to learn
• Ability to take direction, stay organized, and follow through on tasks
• High School Diploma or GED required; CAD or technical coursework is a plus
• 1+ year of land survey experience preferred, but motivated entry‑level candidates are encouraged to apply

Job Description

• Lead team initiative with Director oversite.
• Direct responsibility for projects and leading a team of Project Managers, Engineers, and Designers in the development of plans and specifications for Single-family home/subdivision development that include paving, grading, drainage, water lines, sanitary sewers and other miscellaneous items.
• Serve as the point of contact for clients.
• Manage existing client relationships and develop/seek out new business opportunities with new clients.
• Responsible for project management reporting and client invoicing.
• Responsible for performance management of team and ensuring high quality work is performed.

Job Requirements

• Bachelor's degree in civil engineering or related field.
• Registered P.E. in TX
• 8 + years of experience in civil engineering design and specifications for Single Family Home development/subdivisions that include paving, grading, drainage, sanitary sewer, storm sewer, etc. 
• 4 years of experience as a Project Manager, including demonstrated success in business development.
• Solid working knowledge of Civil 3D, AutoCAD, HEC-HMS, StormCAD, or other modeling software.
• Excellent written and verbal communication skills.
• Experience working on projects for cities/municipalities or counties is preferred.
• Any MUD District experience is preferred. 

Job Description

• Direct responsibility for projects and leading a team of Project Managers, Engineers, and Designers in the development of plans and specifications for Single-family home/subdivision development that include paving, grading, drainage, water lines, sanitary sewers and other miscellaneous items.
• Serve as the point of contact for clients.
• Manage existing client relationships and develop/seek out new business opportunities with new clients.
• Responsible for project management reporting and client invoicing.
• Responsible for performance management of team and ensuring high quality work is performed.

Job Requirements

• Bachelor's degree in civil engineering or related field.
• Registered P.E. in TX
• 15 years of experience in civil engineering design and specifications for Single Family Home development/subdivisions that include paving, grading, drainage, sanitary sewer, storm sewer, etc. 
• 10 years of experience as a Sr. Project Manager, including demonstrated success in business development.
• Solid working knowledge of Civil 3D, AutoCAD, HEC-HMS, StormCAD, or other modeling software.
• Excellent written and verbal communication skills.
• Experience working on projects for cities/municipalities or counties is preferred.
• Any MUD District experience is preferred. 

Job Description

• Independently performs engineering assignments with clear and specified objectives with general oversight from supervisor and/or Project Manager
• Responsible for preparation of due diligence/feasibility studies and site planning
• Design of paving, grading, drainage, and utility systems for single-family home site development and/or multi-family, commercial, and industrial site development. 
• Responsible for permitting of construction documents and reports
• Other duties as assigned

Job Requirements 

• BS in Civil Engineering from an accredited university required
• Engineer-in-Training OR Engineering Internship is preferred.
• Preferred internship in civil engineering for land/site development
• Knowledge with Autodesk Civil 3D
• Understanding of local governmental public and private development codes and ordinances is preferred.
• Strong verbal and written communication skills
• Ability to work in a fast paced, team-oriented environment

Job Description

• Direct responsibility for projects and leading a team of Project Managers, Engineers, and Designers in the development of plans and specifications for multi-family, commercial, and industrial land development that include paving, grading, drainage, water lines, sanitary sewers and other miscellaneous items.
• Serve as the point of contact for clients.
• Manage existing client relationships and develop/seek out new business opportunities with new clients.
• Responsible for project management reporting and client invoicing.
• Responsible for performance management of team and ensuring high quality work is performed.

Job Requirements

• Bachelor's degree in civil engineering or related field.
• Registered P.E. in TX
• 8+ years of experience in civil engineering design and specifications for multi-family, commercial, and industrial land development that include paving, grading, drainage, sanitary sewer, storm sewer, etc. 
• 4+ years of experience as a Project Manager, including demonstrated success in business development.
• Solid working knowledge of Civil 3D, AutoCAD, HEC-HMS, StormCAD, or other modeling software.
• Excellent written and verbal communication skills.
• Experience working on projects for cities/municipalities or counties is preferred.
• Any MUD District experience is preferred. 

Job Description

• Direct responsibility for projects and leading a team of Project Managers, Engineers, and Designers in the development of plans and specifications for Single-family home/subdivision development that include paving, grading, drainage, water lines, sanitary sewers and other miscellaneous items.
• Serve as the point of contact for clients.
• Manage existing client relationships and develop/seek out new business opportunities with new clients >>.
• Responsible for project management reporting and client invoicing.
• Responsible for performance management of team and ensuring high quality work is performed.

Job Requirements

• Bachelor's degree in civil engineering or related field.
• Registered P.E. in TX
• 8+ years of experience in civil engineering design and specifications for Single Family Home development/subdivisions that include paving, grading, drainage, sanitary sewer, storm sewer, etc. 
• 4 years of experience as a Project Manager, including demonstrated success in business development.
• Solid working knowledge of Civil 3D, AutoCAD, HEC-HMS, StormCAD, or other modeling software.
• Excellent written and verbal communication skills.
• Experience working on projects for cities/municipalities or counties is preferred.
• Any MUD District experience is preferred. 

This is an onsite role for our West Palm Beach office.

Job Description

• Direct responsibility for projects and leading a team in the development of plans and specifications for multi-family, residential, master planned, mixed-use, and commercial, and other types of projects that include paving, grading, drainage, water lines, sanitary sewers and other miscellaneous items.
• Serve as point of contact for clients.
• Responsible for project management reporting and client invoicing.
• May supervise work of one or more Engineers or CAD Technicians.
• Other duties as assigned.

Job Requirements

• Bachelor's degree in civil engineering or related field.
• Registered P.E. Florida
• 10+ years of experience in civil engineering ideally residential master-planned community development that includes paving, grading, drainage, sanitary sewer, storm sewer, etc.
• Ideally 6+ years of experience as a Project Manager with the ability to provide technical guidance to Engineers and CAD Designers.
• Assistant Project Manager level who has been taking on daily task lead duties.
• Solid working knowledge of Civil 3D, AutoCAD, HEC-HMS, StormCAD, or other modeling software.
• Excellent written and verbal communication skills..

We are looking for either a Seller/Doer or Manager of Projects for our Land/Site Development Department in Sarasota. 

Seller/Doer -  you can count on BGE for:

• A deep bench of technical support (CAD, project engineers, EITs, and back-office resources) so you can stay focused on client relationships and delivery.
• A competitive salary and bonus structure that recognizes the expertise and relationships you bring.
• A leadership platform built for growth, retain ownership of your client portfolio while gaining the support system to expand it.

Job Description

• Responsible for managing projects in the development of plans and specifications for single-family home/subdivision development and/or multifamily, commercial, and industrial development that include paving, grading, drainage, water lines, sanitary sewers and other miscellaneous items.
• For a Seller/Doer: also responsible for developing new business/bringing in additional revenue by developing existing and new client relationships
• Interface with clients to ensure their satisfaction with the work product.
• Manage the work of Engineers and CAD Designers ensuring the accuracy and quality of the work produced.
• Responsible for project management reporting.

Job Requirements

• Bachelor's degree in civil engineering or related field.
• Registered P.E. in Florida
• 8+ years of experience in civil engineering for single family home development/subdivisions and/or multifamily, commercial, industrial development that includes paving, grading, drainage, sanitary sewer, storm sewer, etc. 
• 2 to 3+ years of experience as a Project Manager with the ability to provide technical guidance to Engineers and CAD Designers.
• For a Seller/Doer: proven track record of developing new business and bringing in additional revenue.
• Solid working knowledge of Civil 3D, AutoCAD, HEC-HMS, StormCAD, or other modeling software.
• Excellent written and verbal communication skills
• Willingness and ability to work in the Sarasota office. 

BGE, Inc., is seeking a Director for Land Development in our Charlotte, NC Civil Engineering Office (Metropolitan Ave x I-277).

Job Description

• Direct responsibility for projects and leading a team in the development of plans and specifications for multi-family, residential, master planned, mixed-use, and commercial, and other types of projects that include paving, grading, drainage, water lines, sanitary sewers and other miscellaneous items.
• Serve as point of contact for clients.
• Responsible for project management reporting and client invoicing.
• May supervise work of one or more Engineers or CAD Technicians.
• Other duties as assigned.

Job Requirements

• Bachelor's degree in civil engineering or related field.
• Registered P.E. in NC (or ability to transfer license to NC).
• 10+ years of experience in civil engineering ideally residential master-planned community development that includes paving, grading, drainage, sanitary sewer, storm sewer, etc.
• Ideally 10+ years of experience as a Senior Project Manager with the ability to provide technical guidance to Engineers and CAD Designers.
• Assistant Project Manager level who has been taking on daily task lead duties.
• Solid working knowledge of Civil 3D, AutoCAD, HEC-HMS, StormCAD, or other modeling software.
• Excellent written and verbal communication skills.
• Experience working with cities/municipalities or counties is preferred.
• Experience working on projects for cities, counties, and municipalities is preferred.

BGE, Inc., is seeking a Project Manager / Senior Project Manager for our Land Development Consulting Team in our Charlotte, NC office (Metropolitan Ave x I-277).

Must be a licensed Civil Engineer Professional Engineer (PE) in state of North Carolina.

Job Description

• Direct responsibility for projects and leading a team in the development of plans and specifications for multi-family, residential, master planned, mixed-use, and commercial, and other types of projects that include paving, grading, drainage, water lines, sanitary sewers and other miscellaneous items.
• Serve as point of contact for clients.
• Responsible for project management reporting and client invoicing.
• May supervise work of one or more Engineers or CAD Technicians.
• Other duties as assigned.

Job Requirements

• Bachelor's degree in civil engineering or related field.
• Registered P.E. in North Carolina.
• 6+ years of experience in civil engineering ideally residential master-planned community development that includes paving, grading, drainage, sanitary sewer, storm sewer, etc.
• Ideally 1-2 years of experience as a Project Manager with the ability to provide technical guidance to Engineers and CAD Designers.
• Open to Assistant Project Manager level who has been taking on daily task lead duties.
• Solid working knowledge of Civil 3D, AutoCAD, HEC-HMS, StormCAD, or other modeling software.
• Excellent written and verbal communication skills.
• Experience working with cities/municipalities or counties is preferred.
• Experience working on projects for cities, counties, and municipalities is preferred.

Senior Project Manager - Land/Site Development Civil Engineering Team in Nashville

Job Description

• Direct responsibility for projects and leading a team of Project Managers, Engineers, and Designers in the development of plans and specifications for Single-family home/subdivision development that include paving, grading, drainage, water lines, sanitary sewers and other miscellaneous items.
• Serve as the point of contact for clients.
• Responsible for project management reporting and client invoicing.
• Responsible for performance management of team and ensuring high quality work is performed.

Job Requirements

• Bachelor's degree in civil engineering or related field.
• Registered P.E. in Tennessee
• 12+ years of experience in civil engineering design and specifications for Single Family Home development/subdivisions that include paving, grading, drainage, sanitary sewer, storm sewer, etc. 
• 5+ years of experience as a Civil Engineering Project Manager
• Solid working knowledge of Civil 3D, AutoCAD, HEC-HMS, StormCAD, or other modeling software.
• Excellent written and verbal communication skills.
• Experience working on projects for cities/municipalities or counties is preferred.